Billing System Impact on the Deployment of Electric Vehicles

This paper examines the possibility of the owner of an electric vehicle (EV) choosing a battery recharging point, as well as selecting of a charging schedule. We assume that a significant part of EVs mainly use two parking spaces, one of them located close to the place of residence and the other one close to the workplace. Also, we assume that the car charging station can be created by the employer (the company owner) and can be implemented in the best interests of the employer and the employee (EV owner). For that, a coalition among the company owner and the EV owners has to be formed. To support rational decisions, we solve the problem using the cooperative game approach and design a payment distribution mechanism based on the Shapley value. The coalition participants are not direct participants in the electricity market. The bills for the energy used are presented through the trader. The rules of billing are diverse in different countries. Moreover, electricity prices for industrial users are vastly different from those for households. This circumstance may affect the schedule of charge/discharge of EVs and the costs of the energy used. Our task in this study is to consider the billing systems of several countries and to investigate the possibility and rationality of forming a coalition between the EV owners and the company owner.