A 0.14 pJ/conversion Fully Energy-Autonomous Temperature-to-Time Converter for Biomedical Applications

We present a fully energy-autonomous temperature-to-time converter (TTC) for biomedical applications. This is the first work in literature to power the entire converter purely by a triboelectric energy harvester (TEG). The dynamic leakage suppression full-bridge rectifier (DLS-FBR) reduces reverse leakage current to 1/100, which enables the TEG operated by human motion at <; 1 Hz as a sole power source; once the harvested voltage reaches 0.6 V, the one-shot TTC converts the temperature into pulse width, measuring a temperature range of 15 °C-45 °C. The TTC in 0.18-μm 1P6M CMOS consumes 0.14 pJ/conversion while powered up purely by a TEG, achieving energy-autonomous operation.