Charge sustaining hybrid electric bikes in free-floating sharing service

This paper proposes a hierarchical multilevel control strategy, adaptive on the cyclist characterization, for the energy management of a fleet of hybrid electric bikes (HEBs) in a free-floating sharing service. We pursuit the goals of independence from recharging stations and of cycling effort reduction by means of motor assistance. To achieve these goals we exploit the variability of cycling efficiency. The results are assessed in a simulation environment.