Real-Time Optimal Scheduling of Large-Scale Electric Vehicles: A Dynamic Non-Cooperative Game Approach

In the presence of the increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and conflict of independent optimization objectives among each electric vehicle aggregator (EVA), real-time optimal scheduling (RTOS) of large-scale EVs based on dynamic non-cooperative game approach is proposed for optimal decision makings in a dynamic pricing market. First, real-time optimal scheduling framework is designed to describe the flow of energy and information. Then, equivalent model of large-scale EVs is formulated to address “curse of dimensionality” caused by a large number of decision variables. Then, the potential game theory is used to study the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium (NE) solution. Finally, a distributed approach based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is designed to achieve the equilibrium. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves peak load shifting and reduces cost of EVAs significantly. Furthermore, the proposed method obtains higher-quality solution compared with other methods and is more applicable for real-time optimal scheduling of large-scale EVs due to its high computation efficiency and privacy protection.