Multi-Point Near-Field RF Sensing of Blood Pressures and Heartbeat Dynamics

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure estimation using arm-cuff monitors is one of the most common cardiovascular evaluation criteria in healthcare today, however these measures lack critical heartbeat and pressure dynamics. Pulse-transit time can be used as an alternative for arm-cuff monitors, but gives only one parameter for two pressure quantities. Ultrasound, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging can retrieve geometrical features of the heart, but cannot directly estimate vascular pressures. Here we show a novel radio-frequency heartbeat sensor based on multi-point near-field observation. By comparing to synchronized electrocardiogram and auscultation, the multi-point sensor can assess motion and pressure in different parts of the heart following the Wiggers diagram. By applying the Hilbert-Huang frequency-time transform, the central blood pressure can be derived from the vascular vibration characteristics as continuous transients, including during the pulmonary cycle which is previously inaccessible from branchial measurements. Our scheme can be further extended to a full multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel arrangement, producing rich content for diagnostic and biometric applications. We employ dynamic time warping analyses to illustrate the sensor's wealth of diversified information across different channels and persons. This new multi-point sensor, which can be worn conveniently over clothing, enables unprecedented monitoring capabilities of detailed central blood pressure transients and heartbeat dynamics under the given measurement instructions for at-home and clinical cardiovascular diagnostics.