Integrated geomatic survey and virtual reality navigation engines for the historical-architectural analysis - The paradigmatic case of a "Modern Age" fortification: the Fortezza Vecchia in Livorno

The paper offers a reflection on current methodologies for 3-D surveying aimed at the generation of geometrically consistent models provided with realistic textures for fruition in virtual reality environments. In particular, the possible use of these tools is discussed for both technical-scientific applications and devising virtual immersive experiences by means of gaming engines. The reflections are accompanied by a case study involving a historical site in Livorno, the Fortezza Vecchia, with particular focus on the North gallery, a section where public access is prohibited.