High spectral efficiency real-time 500-Gb/s/carrier transmission over field-installed G.654.E fiber link using forward and backward distributed Raman amplification

Transmission distance of 1234.2 km with high spectral efficiency of 5.71 b/s/Hz over terrestrial G.654.E fiber links is achieved for 500-Gb/s/carrier signals using EDFAs with forward and backward DRAs compliant with laser power safety requirements.