Real-Time Parameter Estimation of an Electrochemical Lithium-Ion Battery Model Using a Long Short-Term Memory Network

An electrochemical lithium-ion battery model is well known to be suited for effectively describing the microstructure evolution in charging and discharging processes of a lithium-ion battery with practically realizable complexity. This paper presents a neural network-based parameter estimation scheme to identify the parameters of an electrochemical lithium-ion battery model in a near-optimal and real-time manner in order to consistently observe the electrochemical states of batteries. The network is first trained to learn the dynamics of the electrochemical lithium-ion battery model, and then, it is applied to estimate the parameters with available finite-time measurements of voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge. In order to efficiently learn the dynamic characteristics of a lithium-ion battery, a well-known recurrent neural network, called a long short-term memory model, is employed with other techniques such as batch normalization, dropout, and stochastic gradient descent with warm restarts for learning speed enhancement and regularization. Using synthetic and experimental data, we show that the proposed estimation scheme works well, finding parameters and recovering the voltage profiles within the root-mean-square error of 0.43% and 26 mV, respectively, even with measurements obtained within a sufficiently short interval of time.