Modeling Space–Time Periodic Structures With Arbitrary Unit Cells Using Time Periodic Circuit Theory

Using the time periodic ABCD parameters, an expression for the dispersion relation of space-time modulated structures is obtained. The relationship is valid for general structures even when the spatial granularity is comparable to the operating and modulation wavelengths. In the limit of infinitesimal unit cell, the dispersion relation reduces identically to its continuous counterpart. For homogeneous space-time modulated media, the time periodic circuit approach allows the extension of the well-known telegraphist's equations. The time harmonics are coupled together to form an infinite system of coupled differential equations. At the scattering centers, where the interaction is mediated via the modulation (pump wave), the telegraphist's equations reduce to the interaction of two waves only: the signal and idler. The interaction can then be described using three wave mixing, satisfying the phase matching condition. It is demonstrated that the time periodic S parameters provide an alternative and appealing visualization of the modal conversion and the emergence of nonreciprocity inside the bandgaps.