Integrating Battery Condition and Aging into the Energy Management of an Active Distribution Network

There has been a wide-spreading use of battery-based Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) in power grid recently. Nevertheless, frequent usage, as well as overcharge or overdischarge, can severely damage their health and reduce their life expectancy. This paper proposes an Energy Management (EM) algorithm in an Active Distribution Network (ADN) in the presence of ESSs. The problem is formulated as a Mixed-Integer-Linear-Programming (MILP) model to determine an optimal schedule for ESS units, not only to maximize their lifetime but also to minimize grid expenses. In order to precisely measure the deterioration percentage of battery cells and their cost, a modified, linearised battery lifetime model, based on its operating profile and a cycle counting technique, is introduced. Eventually, a test case based on the IEEE 33-bus distribution test system with Day-Ahead (DA) pricing scheme has been assessed to demonstrate both the validity and effectiveness of the proposed methodology.