Intelligent Data-Driven Model for Diabetes Diurnal Patterns Analysis

In type 1 diabetes, diurnal activity routines are influential factors in insulin dose calculations. Bolus advisors have been developed to more accurately suggest doses of meal-related insulin based on carbohydrate intake, according to pre-set insulin to carbohydrate levels and insulin sensitivity factors. These parameters can be varied according to the time of day and their optimal setting relies on identifying the daily time periods of routines accurately. The main issues with reporting and adjustments of daily activity routines are the reliance on self-reporting which is prone to inaccuracy and within bolus calculators, the keeping of default settings for daily time periods, such as within insulin pumps, glucose meters, and mobile applications. Moreover, daily routines are subject to change over periods of time which could go unnoticed. Hence, forgetting to change the daily time periods in the bolus calculator could contribute to sub-optimal self-management. In this paper, these issues are addressed by proposing a data-driven model for identification of diabetes diurnal patterns based on self-monitoring data. The model uses time-series clustering to achieve a meaningful separation of the patterns which is then used to identify the daily time periods and to advise of any time changes required. Further improvements in bolus advisor settings are proposed to include week/weekend or even modifiable daily time settings. The proposed model provides a quick, granular, more accurate, and personalized daily time setting profile while providing a more contextual perspective to glycemic pattern identification to both patients and clinicians.