Adaptable System Integrity Protection Scheme Considering Renewable Energy Sources Output Variations

Due to delays in network reinforcement, many utilities adopt System Integrity Protection Scheme (SIPS) as the short-term last defense to prevent system instability after critical disturbances. One of the challenges in the design of a SIPS is to handle the effects of intermittent renewable generation. Penetration level, geographic distribution, forecast errors, inverters control modes, and synchronous generation displacement are among the sources of effects of renewables that affect the reliable operation of an SIPS. To adapt to variations in system conditions, a new proposition of Adaptable System Integrity Protection Scheme (ASIPS) utilizing offline, online, and edge computing resources is proposed in this article. It aims to maintain reliable operation and reduce control costs under the presence of output variations of renewables. Possible impacts of renewables to the SIPS operations are demonstrated. Based on continuous system state monitoring using Phasor Measurement Units, the proposed response-based ASIPS would trigger optimal controls determined online by using a linearized formulation, or due to time criticality, activate quasi-optimal controls periodically updated and stored in look-up tables using offline computing power. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ASIPS in preventing system instability by using reduced control efforts and costs according to real-time operation conditions.