Analyzing Loop Flows, Reversals, and Congestion Using a New Fractal Approach

Loop flows (LPFs) occur on paths other than the contracted ones and can cause congestion in other parts of the network and affect prices and hence power markets. LPFs may cause flow reversals, too, which have commercial significance for distributed ownership of generators. Few methods are available to analyze LPFs with clarity. We report a fundamentally different approach for computation of loop flows in power systems with sufficient analytical rigor. Quantitative evaluation enables market operators to ensure fairness in allocating charges for congestion. Phase angle regulators (PARs) are included in analysis. Regulators have often intervened and even prevented flows on certain routes to ensure fair markets. Analytical procedure may help resolve these issues amicably. The proposed method was validated with meaningful examples of sufficient representation. Current work is focused more on physics and less on pricing.