Transparent ITO-based Heater for Prevention of Laparoscopic Lens Fogging

Laparoscopy is a surgical diagnostic procedure that provides physicians with real-time optical imaging of the abdomen. Lens fogging during surgeries that uses laparoscopes reduces the visibility of physicians and possibly will incite severe problems. Several techniques have been designed to reduce or prevent laparoscopic lens fogging. We present a novel technique to prevent defogging during the operation using thin film transparent heaters.