Uncertainties in Virtual Power Plants

This article exposes three uncertain elements essential to the efficient, effective and strategic functioning of a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) contributing to the necessary descriptions and implicit searches. VPP presents great flexibility by integrating energy systems with their various types of sources, where they are generally distributed sets of renewable energies, load fluctuations of demands, and the increasing penetration of dynamically connected and disconnected Electric Vehicles (EVs) on the network. Its reliability becomes a challenging issue due to the uncertainties that are inevitable by the intermittent nature. We propose a discussion and classification about the uncertainties that have received much attention recently and are treated as a decision risk of a system operator of a VPP.