Cross-Layer Framework and Optimization for Efficient Use of the Energy Budget of IoT Nodes

Both physical and MAC-layer parameters impact the autonomy of IoT devices. We present an open-source cross-layer assessment framework for Low Power Wide Area networks (LPWANs) in this paper. It extends the state-of-the-art with energy models, downlink messages, and adaptive datarate features. Hence, hypotheses and transmission schemes can be tested and evaluated. As a representative case, the LoRaWAN protocol is assessed. The findings demonstrate that a cross-layer is imperative to effectively realize LPWANs in terms of energy efficiency and throughput. For instance, up to a factor of three reduction in energy consumption can be achieved by transmitting longer packet on quasi-static channels. Yet, under adverse dynamic conditions, an energy penalty will occur.