Physical-Layer Security and Privacy for Vehicle-to-Everything

Vehicular communications in intelligent transportation systems promise to improve traffic efficiency, road utilization, and safety. Achieving secure vehicular communications is vital for the deployment of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of physical-layer security (PLS) strategies employed for V2X. By exploiting the randomness and the physical characteristics of wireless channels, PLS offers reliable solutions against eavesdropper attacks as complementary approaches to cryptographic techniques. We give a brief introduction to the architecture and characteristics of V2X networks. Then the fundamental principles of PLS technology are proposed, followed by security threats in V2X. Additionally, we discuss some open issues and challenges for future research. Finally, we investigate a case study where different challenges and technologies coexist in one V2X scenario.