Hybrid Electrodes Efficient for Both Electrowetting and Dielectrowetting

This paper reports hybrid electrodes efficiently working for both electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) and dielectrowetting. Virtually all kinds of liquid droplets, no matter which are conductive or dielectric, can be manipulated on these electrodes in an open environment without changing the electrode shape, electric signal form, or physical configuration. In addition, these electrodes are integrated with a slippery liquid infused porous surface (SLIPS) in order to minimize friction and biofouling. This electrode platform was experimentally confirmed effective for conductive liquids (water, protein solution, detergent and saline) for EWOD as well as dielectric liquids (dodecane, silicone oil, light and heavy crude oil) for dielectrowetting.