Energy Efficient Angle based Route Selection in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks

Geographical routings are getting popularity because of its scalability and local decision-making capability. Usually, geographical routing protocols rely on greedy approach and suffer from the void node problem (VNP). This paper presents an energy-efficient angular three-dimensional routing protocol (EA3DR) for wireless sensor networks. The next hop is selected from a specific conical angle (3D angle) towards the destination node by considering residual energy. The conical angle selection depends on network density. EA3DR has a provision to tune the conical angle to recover from VNP. If the packet stucks with the concave void, then it recovers using backtracking and finds another suitable path. The proposed algorithm is implemented in the OMNET++ simulator with INET framework to verify that EA3DR achieves guaranteed packet reception while incurring high residual energy and minimizing traffic overhead.