Simulating Water Resistance in a Virtual Underwater Experience Using a Visual Motion Delay Effect

In this paper, we propose a new visual motion delay effect to enhance the presence of a user in a virtual underwater experience. To do this, we simulate the resistance in the underwater environment by delaying the hand and head movements of the user's avatar. The motion delay effect is implemented using two components: a drag force and a recovery force. The experimental results show that the combination of a drag force and a recovery force creates a realistic illusion of an underwater experience and enhances the user's presence, satisfaction, and immersion in the virtual underwater environment.