426-GHz Imaging Pixel Integrating a Transmitter and a Coherent Receiver with an Area of 380×47μm2 in 65-nm CMOS

A 426-GHz imaging pixel integrating a transmitter and a coherent receiver using three oscillators for triple-pushing within an area of 380×470 μm
²
is demonstrated. The radiated TX power is -17.9 dBm and the sensitivity is -89.6 dBm for a 1-kHz noise bandwidth. The sensitivity is the lowest among imaging pixels operating above 0.3 THz. The pixel consumes 52 mW from a 1.3-V V
_DD
. The pixel can be used with a reflector with 47-dB gain to form a camera-like reflection mode image for an object 5 m away.