Multi-Objective Optimization for Cyber-Physical-Social Systems: A Case Study of Electric Vehicles Charging and Discharging

Cyber-physical-social system (CPSS), an integration of cyberspace, physical space, and social space, has revolutionized the relationship between human, computers, and physical environments. Electrical cyber-physical system integrating human behaviors and interactions is a typical CPSS, and the study of electric vehicles (EVs) charging and discharging in the CPSS has become a research hotspot due to its environmental advantages and social benefits. This paper focuses on simultaneously optimizing the power load stability and the total cost of vehicle owners in the CPSS. First, the optimal scheduling problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem with system's technical constraints, and then a hierarchical optimal algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. The convergence analysis of the proposed algorithm is presented to ensure its optimal performance. Further, this paper combines the proposed algorithm with a moving horizon method to deal with the EV owners random arrival and departure case based on the owners' convenience and preferences. It shows that the proposed algorithm not only enhances stable performance of the power load but also improves satisfaction of the vehicle owners in the CPSS framework integrating power grids, energy consumption areas, and social components. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.