Modeling Competencies in Competency-Based Learning: Classification and Cartography

Despite the importance of competency modeling for both individuals and organizations, there is a lack of a comprehensive literature review and a cartography for it. This paper aims to provide an in-depth overview of different approaches to competency modeling reported in the field of technology-enhanced com petency-based learning. This literature review is complemented by an additional overview of related initiatives toward modeling intended learning outcomes, learning opportunities, achieved learning outcome profiles of learners and competency maps. In addition, a cartography illustrating the relationships between some important models is proposed. The main purpose of this work is to provide researchers with a comprehensive review of the current status in this field as well as to highlight ongoing issues and challenges that need to be addressed.