A Comprehensive Review on Second-Life Batteries: Current State, Manufacturing Considerations, Applications, Impacts, Barriers & Potential Solutions, Business Strategies, and Policies

The number of used batteries is increasing in quantity as time passes by, and this amount is to expand drastically, as electric vehicles are getting increasingly popular. Proper disposal of the spent batteries has always been a concern, but it has also been discovered that these batteries often retain enough energy perfectly suited for other uses, which can extend the batteries' operational lifetime into a second one. Such use of batteries has been termed as the “second-life,” and it is high time to adopt such usage in large scale to properly exploit the energy and economics that went into battery production and reduce the environmental impacts of battery waste ending up in landfills. This paper aids in that quest by providing a complete picture of the current state of the second-life battery (SLB) technology by reviewing all the prominent work done in this field previously. The second-life background, manufacturing process of energy storage systems using the SLBs, applications, and impacts of this technology, required business strategies and policies, and current barriers of this technology along with potential solutions are discussed in detail in this paper to act as a major stepping stone for future research in this ever-expanding field.