Decentralized Electric Vehicle Supply Stations (D-EVSSs): A Realistic Scenario for Smart Cities

In this paper, we consider the decentralization of power generation and management problems in electric vehicle supply equipment (D-EVSE). We propose two algorithms to manage the interaction between electric vehicles (EVs) and D-EVSEs while maximizing EV drivers' satisfaction in terms of reducing the waiting time for charging or discharging services and minimizing the stress level for D-EVSEs. The first algorithm is used to schedule charging or discharging service for EVs. The second algorithm is used to manage unscheduled EV needs at D-EVSEs. The simulation results using realistic scenarios are conducted to validate the proposed schemes and demonstrate their efficiency and effectiveness while satisfying the defined constraints. Furthermore, we apply both D-EVSE scheduled and unscheduled schemes to Ontario highways 174, 416 and 417 in the city of Ottawa as a case study.