Retracted: Experimental Assessment on Seismic Failure Modes of Bridges in Liquefiable Ground with or without Overburden Crust

This paper focuses on the impact of overburden clay crust on seismic failure modes of bridges in liquefiable ground by one-g shake-table tests. Two identical pile-group-supported bridge specimens are embedded separately into saturated sand deposits with or without overburden clay crust and both are subjected to a scaled ground motion obtained from the 1999 Chi-chi Earthquake. Excess pore pressure, structural acceleration and curvature demands are interpreted to reveal the seismic failure modes. Test results show that overburden crust can significantly affect the failure modes by the way of transferring damage from pile heads to piles at crust-sand interface and pier bottoms.