State of The Art Tidal Energy Systems: Issues, Challenges, and Possible Solutions

This paper presents the winding of fossil fuel reserves and global hazardous effect of non-renewable resources. Which grasp the attention of researchers and engineers towards long lasting and eco-safe tidal energy system. Recent development in the tidal range technology. A large variety of latest lower costs and highly efficient technologies have emerged in the form of tidal streams, tidal barrages, and tidal lagoons. A geographical study of Pakistan claimed that 100km long coastal line, with maximum tidal heights in Karachi and Gwadar, is the best potential for the tidal energy reserves. A various turbine system (vertical-axis and horizontal-axis) along with tide generation systems (ebb-tide and flood-tide) are discussed. In addition, problems and challenges offered by tidal energy system with their best practical solutions are also discussed.