A Novel Gauged Potential Formulation for 3-D Electromagnetic Field Analysis Including Both Inductive and Capacitive Effects

In this paper, a novel potential formulation for low-frequency (LF) applications taking into account both inductive and capacitive effects but without considering wave propagation is proposed. Both time-domain and frequency-domain formulations are presented. The resultant fully discrete finite-element matrix is made symmetric by incorporating a gauge condition and also rewriting the current continuity equation. To improve numerical accuracy and computational efficiency, high-order mixed edge elements and nodal elements are adopted to approximate the vector and scalar unknown variables together with high-order time-stepping schemes. Several numerical examples are solved to validate and showcase the accuracy of the proposed methods. The proposed formulations are stable in use for LF electromagnetic field computations by considering inductive and capacitive effects simultaneously, such as finding the resonant frequencies of wireless power transfer devices.