Importance of Amplifier Physics in Maximizing the Capacity of Submarine Links

The throughput of submarine transport cables is approaching fundamental limits imposed by amplifier noise and Kerr nonlinearity. Energy constraints in ultra-long submarine links exacerbate this problem, as the throughput per fiber is further limited by the electrical power available to the undersea optical amplifiers. Recent works have studied how employing more spatial dimensions can mitigate these limitations. In this paper, we address the fundamental question of how to optimally use each spatial dimension. Specifically, we discuss how to optimize the channel power allocation in order to maximize the information-theoretic capacity under an electrical power constraint. Our formulation accounts for amplifier physics, Kerr nonlinearity, and power feed constraints. Whereas recent works assume that the optical amplifiers operate in deep saturation, where power conversion efficiency (PCE) is high, we show that given a power constraint, operating in a less saturated regime, where PCE is lower, supports a wider bandwidth and a larger number of spatial dimensions, thereby maximizing capacity. This design strategy increases the capacity of submarine links by about 70% compared to the theoretical capacity of a recently proposed high-capacity system.