Investigating PID Shunting in Polycrystalline CIGS Devices via Multi-Scale, Multi-Technique Characterization

We investigated potential-induced degradation (PID) in CuIn
_1-x
Ga
_x
Se
₂
(CIGS) mini-modules stressed in the laboratory. Small cores were removed from the modules and were subjected to analysis. We completed a proof-of-concept correlative study relating cathodoluminescence to sodium content via time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry imaging. By comparing one-dimensional depth profile results and three-dimensional tomography results on stressed and unstressed CIGS mini-modules, we can see that PID in CIGS results from sodium migration through absorber, most likely via grain boundaries. Potassium concentration distributions show little change when adding a voltage bias to a temperature and humidity stress. This suggests doping with other large alkali ions, such as cesium and rubidium, rather than sodium can increase the PID resistance of CIGS modules.