A set of propagation models for site-specific predictions

A set of propagation models for site-specific path loss and channel predictions are introduced. These include a half-screen model for propagation above buildings and terrain and efficient modeling of propagation around buildings including hybrid above/around paths. Frequency-dependent modeling of foliage loss and outdoor-to-indoor propagation is also included. Predictions using a tool that implements the set of models are compared with high quality multi-site channel measurements at 2.6 GHz. Without any model tuning the path loss accuracy is found to be quite good, with very low mean error and a standard deviation of 7–8 dB compared to the measurements. The major sources of error are identified to be deficiencies in the representation of the environment, diffuse scattering, and impact of foliage. The multipath richness in the predictions is assessed and the benefit of adding some stochastic multipath components is demonstrated.