Manufacturing Cost Analysis of Perovskite Solar Modules in Single-Junction and All-Perovskite Tandem Configurations

Perovskite solar cells are promising to become one of the cheapest photovoltaic (PV) technologies due to low material utilization, easy manufacturing processes, and high power conversion efficiencies. In this work, we evaluate the manufacturing costs of perovskite PV modules fabricated using feasible low-cost materials and processes. Three types of perovskite cells based on single-junction and twoand fourterminal all-perovskite tandem configurations are analyzed. Our calculation shows the direct manufacturing costs are 28.7, 33.8, and 42.3 $/m² for single-junction, two-terminal tandem, and fourterminal tandem modules, respectively, corresponding to a minimum sustainable price (MSP) of 0.32, 0.34, and 0.37 $/Wp for the modules manufactured in the United States. We also discuss the potential for efficiency gains that could further lower the cost per watt for the tandem modules.