Congestion of LV Distribution Networks by Household Battery Energy Storage Systems utilized for FCR, aFRR and Market Trading

An increasing number of households have dis-tributed generation (DG), while in many countries netting ar-rangements are disappearing. Therefore, consumers are driven to increase self-consumption with household battery energy storage systems (HBESS). To maximize benefits, HBESS may be uti-lized for frequency control reserve (FCR), automated frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) and trading on the day-ahead market in the future. The potentially high simultaneity factor and power rating of HBESS could cause overloading and voltage magni-tude problems in distribution networks. Distribution network operators (DNOs) currently do not take market trading HBESS into account in low voltage (LV) network planning. This paper proposes a methodology which enables DNOs to determine the impact of HBESS on the distribution network. The methodology enables analysis of HBESS utilized for FCR, aFRR and trading on the day-ahead markets with minimum input data required. The methodology is demonstrated for each market and two HBESS penetration rates in four real LV distribution networks.