APiX: a Geiger-mode Avalanche Digital Sensor for Particle Detection

In this paper, we present a two-layered silicon sensor working in Geiger-mode avalanche regime and designed for charged particle detection. Each position-sensitive element is comprised of two vertically aligned pixels, exploiting the coincidence between two simultaneous avalanche events to discriminate between particle triggers and dark counts. This approach potentially offers several advantages. First, a low material budget can be achieved thanks to the thinning of the detector down to a few tens of microns (e.g. 50 μm) as the avalanche starts in a shallow region just a few microns deep. Operation in a regime of quenched avalanche allows for an excellent timing resolution and provides an internal gain that makes a front-end amplification stage unnecessary, thus dramatically reducing the power consumption. Fine detector segmentation is possible as the (horizontal) inter-pixel cross-talk in the detection plane can be reduced to a comfortable level while the vertical cross-talk is totally eliminated using a metal light-shield layer. The detector is also insensitive to background light. A number of applications could benefit from a detector with these characteristics, including particle tracking and vertex reconstruction in particle physics experiments at accelerators and in space, as well as ionizing radiation imaging in nuclear medicine and life-sciences.