A Large-Scale Empirical Study on Linguistic Antipatterns Affecting APIs

The concept of monolithic stand-alone software systems developed completely from scratch has become obsolete, as modern systems nowadays leverage the abundant presence of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) developed by third parties, which leads on the one hand to accelerated development, but on the other hand introduces potentially fragile dependencies on external resources. In this context, the design of any API strongly influences how developers write code utilizing it. A wrong design decision like a poorly chosen method name can lead to a steeper learning curve, due to misunderstandings, misuse and eventually bug-prone code in the client projects using the API. It is not unfrequent to find APIs with poorly expressive or misleading names, possibly lacking appropriate documentation. Such issues can manifest in what have been defined in the literature as Linguistic Antipatterns (LAs), i.e., inconsistencies among the naming, documentation, and implementation of a code entity. While previous studies showed the relevance of LAs for software developers, their impact on (developers of) client projects using APIs affected by LAs has not been investigated. This paper fills this gap by presenting a large-scale study conducted on 1.6k releases of popular Maven libraries, 14k open-source Java projects using these libraries, and 4.4k questions related to the investigated APIs asked on Stack Overflow. In particular, we investigate whether developers of client projects have higher chances of introducing bugs when using APIs affected by LAs and if these trigger more questions on Stack Overflow as compared to non-affected APIs.