Radiometer for the Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems Technology Demonstration Mission

The Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems Technology Demonstration (TEMPEST-D) instrument is a five-frequency millimeter-wave radiometer capable of observing thermal radiation from the Earth at 89, 165, 176, 180, and 182 GHz. The direct-detection architecture of the radiometer reduces its power consumption and eliminates the need for a local oscillator and mixer, reducing complexity. The instrument includes an ambient blackbody calibration target and a scanning reflector. The reflector rotates to scan the antenna beams in the cross-track direction so that the TEMPEST-D feed horn and receiver view first the blackbody calibration target, then the Earth over a range of nadir angles from −45
^º
to +45
^º
, and finally the cosmic microwave background radiation at 2.73 K. This enables precision end-to-end calibration of the millimeter-wave receivers every scan period. The TEMPEST-D millimeterwave radiometers are based on 35-nm InP HEMT MMIC low-noise amplifiers and related technology developed under extensive investment by the NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO).