System Properties of Packetized Energy Management for Aggregated Diverse Resources

This paper presents the systematic analysis of a population of diverse distributed energy resources (DERs) coordinated using a bottom-up approach known as packetized energy management (PEM). Particularly, for the aggregation of DERs modeled as a bilinear system, a simple discrete-time control law is provided that maximizes the number of accepted requests while tracking a regulation signal provided by a regional transmission operator. Moreover, the mechanics of energy packet completion rates under persistent inputs and the definition of a nominal quality of service (QoS) controller for PEM are provided. Finally, the observability of the PEM system is addressed including an implementation of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for state estimation of the dynamic state of a diverse DER population.