Preparation of high surface area activated carbon from cow bone for the development of lead carbon (Pb-C) batteries for hybrid vehicle applications

Cow bone, a solid bio-waste found abundant in meat industry, is a threat to environment because of its non-degradable nature. This was converted into activated carbon (AC) by simple methods and characterized by nitrogen sorption at 77 K, SEM, XRD and FTIR. These AC had high S
BET
of 2803 m
²
/g and Vt = 1.126 cm
³
/g, many micropores with the size of 0.3–0.7, 0.9–2.0, 2.5–4.0 and 4.4–10 nm including mesopores and macropores. These ACs were added to the negative active materials (NAM) to develop a Pb-C battery that can withstand the HRPSoC. Many batches of NAM with the addition of AC at various concentrations were made on 2V, 20 Ah Pb-C batteries and tested using simulation cycles like mDCAT, fleshing machine simulation, EUCAR and Simple CD cycles under HRPSoC. This battery achieved a higher cycle number of 109000 for mDCAT. The capacity turnover was 500 times more. This cost effective and eco-friendly method could be a promising candidate for energy storage.