Reconstruction of 3D-movement of ICD leads from clinical-routine X-ray movies

A technique is proposed to reconstruct the three-dimensional movement of leads of implantable cardioverter defibrillators from X-ray movies obtained as part of clinical routine during implantation. The technique is applied to data from 16 patients. 12 of them provide results with a sufficient accuracy of less than 2.5 mm in terms of half of the minimum distance of the projection lines and when compared to the length of the shock coil as reference. From the reconstructed 3D data, the movement along and perpendicular to the lead axes as well as tilt are obtained. Such data will prove useful in research on material fatigue and cardiac sensors integrated into the leads.