Sustainable pollutants removal from wastewater using sand filter: A review

The rapid increasing population, deficiency water supplies, and global warming causing persistent scarcities and excesses have showed drinking water a reasonable resource in many places of the world. The developing of cost- efficient and balanced resources and ways for supplying the potable water in sufficient volumes is the demand of the water industry. Water contamination is a considerable universal problem. Several technically developed treatment processes, for example, attached growth process, suspended growth process, membrane bioreactor, oxidation ponds, are commonly experimented, and depended in application. However, attention to promising low-investment-cost technologies, such as slow sand filtration techniques, is especially essential. Slow sand filter (at a flow rate of 100-200 liter/h) is quite adequate water treatment process. It is also active in eliminating pathogenic microorganisms such as Giardia, E- coli, and fecal coliform, from wastewater. Addition to the capability of sand filter in elimination of pathogenic, which is assigned to the biological processes, slow sand filter can adequately exclude turbidity, suspended solids and toxic metals in remedied water. The slow sand filter treated effluent acclimates to the flow principles for domestic uses addition to commercial and irrigation uses. This study reviews the fundamental mechanism, design conditions, sand filter media, removal of physicochemical factors to ensure performing the best treatment effectiveness in slow sand filter.