IoT-DDL–Device Description Language for the “T” in IoT

We argue that the success of the Internet of Things (IoT) vision will greatly depend on how its main ingredient-the “thing”-is architected and prepared to engage. The IoT's fragmented and widevarying nature introduces the need for additional effort to homogenize these things so they may blend together with the surrounding space to create opportunities for powerful and unprecedented IoT applications. We introduce the IoT Device Description Language (IoT-DDL), a machineand human-readable descriptive language for things, seeking to achieve such integration and homogenization. IoT-DDL explicitly tools things to self-discover and securely share their own capabilities, entities, and services, including the various cloudbased accessories that may be attached to them. We also present the Atlas thing architecture-a lightweight architecture for things that fully exploits IoT-DDL and its specifications. Our architecture provides new OS layers, services, and capabilities we believe a thing must have in order to be prepared to engage in IoT scenarios and applications. The architecture and IoT-DDL enable things to generate their offered services and self-formulate APIs for such services, on the fly, at power-on or whenever a thing description changes. The architecture takes advantage of widely used device management, micro-services, security, and communication standards and protocols. We present details of IoT-DDL and corresponding parts of the thing architecture. We demonstrate some features of IoT-DDL and the architecture through proof-of-concept implementations. Finally, we present a benchmarking study to measure and assess time performance and energy consumption characteristics of our architecture and IoT-DDL on real hardware platforms.