Realistic modeling of vehicle-to-grid in an enterprise parking lot: A stackelberg game approach

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology has been considered to be of great potential on Demand Response (DR). During the V2G process, Electric Vehicle (EV) owners can earn profits by "selling" surplus energy from their EV's battery back to grid as a distributed storage system. This paper studies a V2G model based on a mid-level enterprise parking lot where EVs can discharge when plugged-in. An aggregator is considered as a middleware between EVs and the grid that is capable of bi-directional energy and information collection and transmission. We model this virtual energy trading process by using a Stackelberg Game approach where the aggregator (Leader) purchases energy from all the participating EVs (Followers) in the parking lot and pays at a different unit price to each of them, respectively. In this uncoordinated game, optimal energy-price scheduling algorithm for each players is formulated to maximize their own profits by selecting different optimal strategies. Also the battery degradation caused by added charging-discharging cycles and the power losses during energy transmission are considered. Simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of our scheduling algorithm.