Proton-Induced Radiation Damage in BaF2, LYSO, and PWO Crystal Scintillators

Future high-energy physics experiments at the energy and intensity frontiers will face a challenge of severe radiation environment from both ionization dose and charged and neutral hadrons. The high-luminosity large hadron collider, for example, will present an environment, where up to 130 Mrad ionization dose,
$3 \times 10^{14}$
charged hadrons/cm
²
and
$5 \times 10^{15}$
neutrons/cm
²
are expected. In this paper, we report our investigation on charged hadron-induced radiation damage in BaF
₂
, LYSO/LFS, and PWO crystals up to
$3 \times 10^{15}$
protons/cm
²
by using 800-MeV protons at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. Comparison is made between radiation damages induced by protons and ionization dose alone.