Millimeter-wave propagation and attenuation in closed packed sea-foam layer and complex dielectric constant of sea-foam using split-step fourier transform

For effective analysis of millimeter-wave (mmW) propagation challenges in the ocean and sea surface there is need to have exquisite understanding of the electromagnetic properties of the media of propagation. The effective complex dielectric constant of sea-foam plays a vital role in achieving this objective. In this paper, the authors intend to model the propagation phenomena that occurs when mmW at frequencies between 1.8 GHz and 37 GHz travels through a sea-foam layer 0 ≥ Z ≥ -d, where d is the depth of the seafoam layer. The sea-foam layer is a diphasic composite with numerous isotropic-coated spherical particles, randomly embedded in an isotropic host with permittivity with no overlap between adjacent spherical air-bubbles. These air-bubbles consist of core air with permittivity ε
_air
and coating shell with permittivity ε
_seawater
. For N spherical particles with outer radii r
_oN
and inner radii r
_iN
randomly distributed in the host medium. The radii are represented by the bubble size distribution of the particles N(r). For a given plane wave with incident angle and foam-covered sea surface, the Split-step Fourier transform is used to compute the field profile for each range step until the desired range is reached.