Impact of inertia and effective short circuit ratio on control of frequency in weak grids interfacing LCC-HVDC and DFIG-based wind farms

Although virtually every overhead HVDC line is based on LCC technology, hardly any work has been reported on modeling and analysis of the impact of inertia and effective short circuit ratio on control of frequency in weak grids interfacing LCC-HVDC and onshore DFIG-based wind farms. This paper develops a comprehensive modeling and stability analysis framework of a weak grid that interfaces an LCC-HVDC station and a DFIG-based wind farm. To that end, a nonlinear averaged phasor model of the system is derived, which is then benchmarked against a detailed switched model. The averaged model is linearized to design a frequency controller for the LCC-HVDC rectifier station. Participation factor and eigenvalue sensitivity measures indicate that the AC system electromechanical mode and the ‘HVDC PLL’ mode are highly sensitive to changes in Effective DC Inertia Constant and Effective Short Circuit Ratio, respectively. Root-locus analysis in a progressively weak grid validates these results. A systematic design process of the frequency controller parameters reveals a negative interaction between the ‘generator speed-HVDC PLL-frequency controller’ mode and the ‘DFIG-GSC controller’ mode.