Fabrication and Characterization of Single-Aperture 3.5-MHz BNT-Based Ultrasonic Transducer for Therapeutic Application

This paper discusses the fabrication and characterization of 3.5-MHz single-element transducers for therapeutic applications in which the active elements are made of hard lead-free BNT-based and hard commercial PZT (PZT-841) piezoceramics. Composition of (BiNa
_0.88
K
_0.08
Li
_0.04
)
_0.5
(Ti
_0.985
Mn
_0.015
)O
₃
(BNKLT88-1.5Mn) was used to develop lead-free piezoelectric ceramic. Mn-doped samples exhibited high mechanical quality factor (Q
_m
) of 970, thickness coupling coefficient (k
_t
) of 0.48, a dielectric constant (ε
₃₃
^T
) of 310 (at 1 kHz), depolarization temperature (T
_d
) of 200 °C, and coercive field (E
_c
) of 52.5 kV/cm. Two different unfocused single-element transducers using BNKLT88-1.5Mn and PZT-841 with the same center frequency of 3.5 MHz and similar aperture size of 10.7 and 10.5 mm were fabricated. Pulse-echo response, acoustic frequency spectrum, acoustic pressure field, and acoustic intensity field of transducers were characterized. The BNT-based transducer shows linear response up to the peak-to-peak voltage of 105 V in which the maximum rarefactional acoustic pressure of 1.1 MPa, and acoustic intensity of 43 W/cm
²
were achieved. Natural focal point of this transducer was at 60 mm from the surface of the transducer.