Secondary Load Frequency Control of Time-Delay Stand-Alone Microgrids With Electric Vehicles

This study utilizes a new optimal model-free controller based on a sliding mode technique to make a balance between load demands and power generations in the time-delay stand-alone microgrid system with electric vehicles. Forasmuch as the performance of the proposed controller is related to its parameter values, a new modified optimization algorithm, entitled the Black Hole optimization search algorithm, is applied to tune the coefficients of the proposed model-free technique. Finally, in order to validate the feasibility of the suggested approach under load disturbances, detailed simulation, and hardware-in-the-loop experimental results are shown.