Primary and secondary voltage/frequency controller design for energy storage devices using consensus theory

This paper investigates a distributed consensus control design for heterogeneous energy storage devices in smart grids. Using communications between energy storage devices in the system, primary and secondary voltage/frequency control are achieved. The primary voltage and frequency synchronization is achieved by equally sharing the active and reactive powers among energy storage devices. The secondary voltage and frequency restoration is achieved by selecting one energy storage as a virtual leader, and other energy storage devices will act as followers to follow the leader energy storage system. The uniqueness of the proposed consensus design is the use of nominal values of grid voltage and frequency instead of their measured values. The proposed design is validated using modified IEEE 14-bus system in MATLAB.