Nanoscale haematite–ilmenite lamellae in massive ilmenite rock: an example of ‘lamellar magnetism’ with implications for planetary magnetic anomalies

Massive, nearly ‘pure’, haemo-ilmenite layers from historic ore deposits in Rogaland, Norway contain very few silicates or other oxides and typically produce remanence-dominated magnetic anomalies. These rocks are ideal for evaluating the magnetic properties of fine exsolution intergrowths and the larger titanohaematite lamellae in the host ilmenite grains. A typical bulk composition, Ilm 84, exsolved at high temperature to produce host ilmenite Ilm 94 and micron-sized haematite lamellae Ilm 23 as measured by electron microprobe (EMP). Subsequent undercooling of the ilmenite and the micron-scale haematite lamellae led to metastable nucleation of nanoscale lamellae down to unit-cell scale, leaving depleted hosts between lamellae with compositions of Ilm 98 and Ilm 15–13 as measured by TEM–EDX. Samples have high coercivities, and average NRM values of 25 A m⁻¹, which typically show ∼2 per cent saturation in the NRM state. The amount of magnetization in these samples is too high to be solely accounted for by a spin-canted AF moment in the haematite. Based on Monte Carlo simulations of haematite–ilmenite interfaces at the atomic scale and on measured rock-magnetic properties, we predict that the magnetization is carried by a ferrimagnetic substructure produced at the contacts of the very fine-scale titanohaematite and ilmenite exsolution lamellae.