Resilient cyber infrastructure for the minimum wind curtailment remedial control scheme

With the development of the smart grid and the advancement in the renewable energy technology, integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) has significantly increased in the electric power grid. One of the predominant renewable energy sources, wind energy, possess a significant challenge for grid operations, due to its intermittency and variability. In some operating conditions, part of wind has to be curtailed for the safe utilization of the transmission system. In order to minimize the wind power curtailment and to keep the power flow on a transmission line under limits, a cyber resilient Remedial Action Scheme (RAS) is developed in this paper. The RAS is formulated as an optimization problem, considering the real power flow constraints of the transmission lines and voltage constraints of the transmission buses. RAS is developed to operate even under limited failures in the computing nodes to make it cyber-resilient RAS. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through offline simulations of the New England 39 bus system and online simulations of IEEE 14 bus test system. A cyber-physical test bed utilizing Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), and a communication emulator (NS-3) has been used for the online simulation and validation of the developed cyber-resilient RAS.